- 2 articles (each 1500 - 2000 words) - Language: Native english speakers only please! -Formatting: See attachment! Verdana pt 11 PLEASE USE ATTACHED TEMPLATE FOR TEXT Please add author information below text Please use "good" sources, no wikipedia et al (at least 5) Layout: with 1-2 pictures (careful with copyright!), pls no extra spaces ------------ Topic: For the last years the increase of energy efficiency and an improved environmental compatibility were the driving forces in further developing combustion engines. The request of an at least locally emission-free electric drive is big but its realisation is a tremendous challenge. For several more decades we will drive our vehicles with the significantly improved combustion engine. More over the gasoline engine will be the choice for passenger cars and HEV concepts. The emissions legislation is becoming ever more stringent and is pushing OEMs to continuously improving their systems. Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment. As the threshold of those limits become ever more stringent, new types of emission control technology might be needed. There are different standards in Europe, the US and Asia (esp. Japan), but there is a continuous homogenisation happening. As most automotive OEMs operate on an international scale, global legislations and their differences are of interest. Specifically because in the EU, Euro 5 is effective since January 2010 and Euro 6 will be introduced from September 2014. The standard in the US is called "Tier 2/Bin 5" and is even more stringent in some respects than the European limits. Many of the standards are more relevant to Diesel engines but upcoming limits will be extend to gasoline emissions. Therefore we do need cost effective and highly developed emission improved engine and exhaust after treatment technology and emission control solutions. A simultaneous reduction of all pollutants accompanied by a reduction of fuel consumption and CO2 emission will remain to be the main target. The big discussion now is the regulation about the particle number legislation which already exists for diesel engines (16:11 per kilometre), for gasoline engines it currently is 60:11 per kilometre. The OEM s are fighting against the upcoming EU legislation, which is planned to become effective in 2016. They want to postpone it into 2018. ? Learn about upcoming regulations and legislation on PM for GDI engines ? Hear about advancements of current particulate filter systems ? Identify the progress of new measurement methods on PM ? Find out about new internal engine modifications to reduce emissions ? Identify the potential of emission control approaches by improvements on filter material development Exhaust aftertreatment for gasoline engines EU regulations / legislation Particulate filter technology GDI engines (Gasoline Direct Injection) SI engine Emission reduction through innovative injection Improved performance of injection components Fuel consumption potential (Kraftstoffeinsparungspotential) Emission control systems in HEVs Exhaust gas recirculation EGR (Abgasruckfuhrung, AGR) Oil circulation system Particulate filters Particulate matter SCR catalyst Lean NOx traps Coatings in gasoline engines Exhaust measurement technology Automotive engineering and construction Powertrain engineering Knock behaviour Substrate Technology for NOx Emission Control Emission standards, Euro 6, EU/US (EPA, CARB) legislation Criteria pollutant and CO2 LD and HD regulations Integrated emission control Desired Skills: Technical Writing, Academic Writing Keywords: Article Writing, Academic, Writing, Technical